The Origins of Artificial Intelligence with Geoffrey Hinton
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What sparked the interest in artificial intelligence?
Gary, you had the audacity to bring in a Nobel laureate expert in AI to tell us we're all going to die? Well, of course. Actually, all we had to do was ask AI. Coming up, StarTalk Special Edition. How AI will be the death or the birth of civilization. Coming right up. Welcome to StarTalk. Your place in the universe where science and pop culture collide. StarTalk begins right now. This is StarTalk Special Edition. Neil deGrasse Tyson, your personal astrophysicist. And if it's Special Edition, it means we've got Gary O'Reilly.
Hey, Neil.
Gary. How you doing, man?
How did AI evolve from its inception in the 1950s?
I'm good. Former soccer pro. Yes. So, Chuck, always good to have you. Always a pleasure. So, Gary, you and your team picked a topic for the ages today.
Yeah, it's one of those things that... We hear about it. We think we know about it. But let me put it to you this way. We are faced with the simple fact that AI at this point is... We're going to talk about AI today. We are.
Okay. It's inescapable. A deep dive.
What are the different paradigms of intelligence in AI?
Oh, yeah.
Yes, go.
Right. It was only a few years ago when we asked people how AI works, they'll say something along the lines of it utilizes deep learning, neural networks.
That buzzword, they'll toss them out.
They know them, but they don't know anything about them. So what does that really mean? We'll break down how AI works down to the bit and get into how far we think this is going to go from one of AI's founding architects. Ooh. Yes. Now we're talking. So if you would bring on our guest.
I'll be delighted to. We have with us Professor Jeffrey Hinton. Jeffrey, welcome to StarTalk.
How do neural networks learn and adapt?
Thank you for inviting me. Yeah, you are a cognitive psychologist and computer scientist. I don't know anybody with that combo. Couldn't make up your mind, huh? Is that what that means? You're a professor emeritus at the Department of Computer Science at the University of Toronto, and you are OG AI. Oh, lovely. Can I say that? Does that make sense? O-G-A-I. O-G-A-I. And some people have called you the godfather of AI, of artificial intelligence. And let's just go straight out off the top here. When we think of the genesis of AI as it is currently manifested, it feels like large language models took everybody by storm.
What are the challenges and implications of AI in warfare?
They sort of showed up, and everybody was freaking out, celebrating, dancing in the streets, or crying in their pillows. That happened, we noticed, a couple of years ago. So I'm just wondering, what got you started on this path many, many years ago? My record show goes back to the 1990s, is that correct?
No, it really goes back to the 1950s. Oh, right. The founders of AI, at the beginning in the 1950s, there were two views of how to make an intelligent system. One was inspired by logic. The idea was that the essence of intelligence is reasoning. And in reasoning, what you do is you take some premises, and you take some rules for manipulating expressions, and you derive some conclusions. So it's much like mathematics, where you have an equation, you have rules for how you can tinker with both sides, or combine equations, and you derive new equations. And that was kind of the paradigm they had. There was a completely different paradigm that was biological. And that paradigm said, look, the intelligent things we know have brains.
We have to figure out how brains work.
How can AI contribute to solving societal problems?
And the way they work is they're very good at things like perception. They're quite good at reasoning by analogy. They're not much good at reasoning. You have to get to be a teenager before you can do reasoning, really. So we should really study these other things they do. And we should figure out how big networks of brain cells can do these other things, like perception and memory. Now, a few people believed in that approach, and among those few people were John von Neumann and Alan Turing. Unfortunately, they both died young. Turing, possibly with the help of British intelligence.
Turing, he's the subject of the film, The Imitation Game. Yeah, yeah. So, anyone who hasn't seen that, definitely put that on your list. Cool. Yeah, so, to go back to the 1950s, you were just a young tyke then, correct?
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Chapters
8 chapters
1
What sparked the interest in artificial intelligence?
0:00–0:43
2
How did AI evolve from its inception in the 1950s?
0:43–1:07
3
What are the different paradigms of intelligence in AI?
1:07–1:46
4
How do neural networks learn and adapt?
1:46–2:33
5
What are the challenges and implications of AI in warfare?
2:33–3:41
6
How can AI contribute to solving societal problems?
3:41–4:30
7
What are the potential risks associated with AI development?
4:30–5:49
8
Is AI capable of achieving consciousness or self-awareness?
5:49–1:31:13