Chapter 1: What is the main topic discussed in this episode?
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1969, Malcolm and Martin are gone. America is in crisis. At a Morehouse College, the students make their move.
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Welcome to Stuff You Should Know, a production of iHeartRadio.
Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh, and there's Chuck, and Jerjer Binks is here, too. And this is Stuff You Should Know about the Flexner Report.
That's right. This was a suggestion by my wife.
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Chapter 2: What was the Flexner Report and why is it significant?
And they had a four year, like a full four year course of study where it was hands on and a lot of laboratory work.
Yeah, and yes, where they were actually working with patients or assisting other actual doctors in working with patients. Like, it wasn't just like, sit there and listen to this lecture. Yeah. And that essentially, that Johns Hopkins model is what became the model for American medical school. And there's a lot of...
There's a lot of talk at parties if you stop and listen about whether this would have happened on its own or not. And for the most part, it seems that, yes, this progressive era movement would have gotten there eventually just because it was a good idea. The Flexner report helped it happen on a dime because not only did it show to everybody else this is the way to do it,
It also said, this is very expensive, and here's how we need to get the money for it. And did get the money for it. Like, that's how it was implemented.
Yeah, for sure. The American Medical Association was founded in 1847. And one of the reasons, and, you know, again, this is stuff that I learned from sort of Emily's urgings. One of the reasons the American Medical Association was founded to begin with was, like, basically on a mission to squash homeopathy. It says so in its charter.
And when the AMA was founded, they discouraged any association or communication with those kinds of doctors and had a code of ethics. There was a clause in there known as a consultation clause that said, if you even talk to a quote unquote non-regular practitioner, then you're going to lose your license to practice medicine. They carved out exemptions for Massachusetts and New York.
because it was homeopathy was really, really, really popular at the time among the elite, wealthy Americans, like the major politicians, the corporate leaders. I think it was Rockefeller. I think it was Rockefeller that was under the care of a homeopathic doctor for like 50 years.
Wow.
So they carved out exceptions for those two states for a while until they were able, you know, all those people died off basically, and they were able to completely squash it.
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Chapter 3: What impact did the Flexner Report have on alternative medicine?
It basically strengthened all of its position. And, yes, they were the driving force behind this initially. They went to the Carnegie Institute. the Carnegie Foundation and said, hey, you got a lot of money. Why don't you help us figure out how to change American medical education in the exact way we want it? And we'll help you figure out who to do that with. We like the Johns Hopkins model.
We basically want a report that says the Johns Hopkins model is great. Let's get an outsider in here. And that is how Abraham Flexner enters the story.
Yeah. And, you know, this is not to say that he was like cooking the books or anything like that. And this is all a sham. But that was just sort of the AMA was definitely after that.
Well, one of the reasons he was selected is he was already a person, an educator who espoused exactly this kind of stuff, just not necessarily as it applied to medical education. He just wasn't exposed to medical education at the time, but he was an educational philosopher and theorist. And he was fully on board with that kind of thinking.
Yeah, I mean, he wrote a book. I guess we should say he did go to Johns Hopkins, but not for medicine. I think he studied classic civilizations.
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Chapter 4: In what ways was the Flexner Report considered racist and sexist?
And he was a teacher in his hometown in Louisville, Kentucky. Eventually, he was a private school headmaster that he founded the school. And after earning a degree in psychology from Harvard, he wrote a book called The American College, which was sort of the Flexner Report of the university system as a whole.
And this guy named Henry Pritchett, who was the president of the Carnegie Foundation at the time, was like, yeah, like Josh Clark of the future will say, this is this is our guy. Because did you see the way he came at the regular universities? Like, wait till he finds out what's happening in medical schools.
Exactly.
And then one of the other reasons that he was such a great candidate, because he was an outsider and a non-physician, is that they were quite aware that there was going to be a lot of blowback, that there was going to be a lot of bruised egos and stepped on toes, and that somebody outside of the profession would be less likely to suffer, say, like a professional injury or being ostracized for the rest of their career.
Yeah, Flexner was like, I don't care what you think of me, doctors.
Right.
That's right. So he started out by researching the European models, the American models. Like I said, he was really impressed with the German model. Yeah. And in fact, a couple of years after the American and Canadian, as we'll see Flexner report, he published a European version which critiqued. Well, Europe, basically everybody but Germany. He was right.
He was very uncritical of the German system. And we also need to point out some of the bad things he said. There were several anti-Semitic passages in the European version of the Flexner report because he was so enamored of how the Germans did their medicining.
Yeah, this was, yeah, that German model also inspired the guy who founded Johns Hopkins Medical School, William Welch. And that was essentially, so essentially the Flexner Report said the Johns Hopkins model is what we want. Johns Hopkins said the German model is what we want. And the Germans said, yeah.
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Chapter 5: How did the Flexner Report change medical education in the U.S.?
He stood trial for murder and got acquitted. The biggest mind game of all? NLP might actually work. This is wild. Listen to Mind Games on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. 1969, Malcolm and Martin are gone. America is in crisis.
Chapter 6: What were the conditions of medical schools before the Flexner Report?
And at Morehouse College, the students make their move.
These students, including a young Samuel L. Jackson, locked up the members of the Board of Trustees, including Martin Luther King Sr. It's the true story of protest and rebellion in Black American history that you'll never forget. I'm Hans Charles. I'm Menelik Lumumba. Listen to The A Building on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.
chuck i could only come up with one more and it was strudel but it's the best one yeah oh wait frankenstein yeah that's it do you see that new frankenstein movie uh the bride no no no the uh what's his name's new frankenstein movie I don't know. The Rock?
No, the director, Guillermo del Toro's Frankenstein.
Oh, no. What did you think of it?
It was pretty good. I got a little bored, but it was, everyone said it was really great. I think I was distracted.
Maggie Gyllenhaal is redoing The Bride in like a really strange, like out there kind of fashion that looks interesting.
Yeah, I saw that. I thought it seemed super interesting and I love mags, so I'm down.
OK, well, that's fine. I'll allow it.
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