Dr. Brian Keating

So the earliest cosmological models were that the sun is the center – the earth is the center of the universe and everything goes around it. However, these were not dopes. They knew that there were problems with that model. There are certain aspects of the orbits of planets for example. I mentioned Mercury's retrograde and what does retrograde mean?

So the earliest cosmological models were that the sun is the center – the earth is the center of the universe and everything goes around it. However, these were not dopes. They knew that there were problems with that model. There are certain aspects of the orbits of planets for example. I mentioned Mercury's retrograde and what does retrograde mean?

We don't have to get into it, but there are anomalies that the planets will undergo at different times of the year due to the fact that the Earth is, we know now, rotating, revolving around the sun and rotating on its axis, but the main effect is its revolution around the sun.

We don't have to get into it, but there are anomalies that the planets will undergo at different times of the year due to the fact that the Earth is, we know now, rotating, revolving around the sun and rotating on its axis, but the main effect is its revolution around the sun.

We don't have to get into it, but there are anomalies that the planets will undergo at different times of the year due to the fact that the Earth is, we know now, rotating, revolving around the sun and rotating on its axis, but the main effect is its revolution around the sun.

And the other planets are too in the same plane, the zodiac plane, what's called the ecliptic due to the angular momentum of the proto-solar system. And sometimes the Earth goes faster than, say, Jupiter. So originally it will be out in front, if you will, of the planet, forward center of motion, as you like to say. And then it will be behind it later on.

And the other planets are too in the same plane, the zodiac plane, what's called the ecliptic due to the angular momentum of the proto-solar system. And sometimes the Earth goes faster than, say, Jupiter. So originally it will be out in front, if you will, of the planet, forward center of motion, as you like to say. And then it will be behind it later on.

And the other planets are too in the same plane, the zodiac plane, what's called the ecliptic due to the angular momentum of the proto-solar system. And sometimes the Earth goes faster than, say, Jupiter. So originally it will be out in front, if you will, of the planet, forward center of motion, as you like to say. And then it will be behind it later on.

And so it looks like Jupiter is making like this weird S curve. And they couldn't explain that if the Earth is the center of the solar system except that they added on what are called epicycles.

And so it looks like Jupiter is making like this weird S curve. And they couldn't explain that if the Earth is the center of the solar system except that they added on what are called epicycles.

And so it looks like Jupiter is making like this weird S curve. And they couldn't explain that if the Earth is the center of the solar system except that they added on what are called epicycles.

They added on extra little orbits of the planets in order to account for that motion that sometimes it appears, yes, we're moving bulk motion, but then sometimes it goes in the opposite direction when we're going in the same direction. So smart. Yeah, they were very smart.

They added on extra little orbits of the planets in order to account for that motion that sometimes it appears, yes, we're moving bulk motion, but then sometimes it goes in the opposite direction when we're going in the same direction. So smart. Yeah, they were very smart.

They added on extra little orbits of the planets in order to account for that motion that sometimes it appears, yes, we're moving bulk motion, but then sometimes it goes in the opposite direction when we're going in the same direction. So smart. Yeah, they were very smart.

I should say – sorry, Andrew. The reason that they had good glass is they were some of the foremost – explorers, right? A lot of the early trade and they were, what did exploration give them? Access to trade. So they could get the finest silicon and glass and they could make it themselves. That's their economics. Again, capitalism always wins, right? This is a lesson that we shouldn't forget.

I should say – sorry, Andrew. The reason that they had good glass is they were some of the foremost – explorers, right? A lot of the early trade and they were, what did exploration give them? Access to trade. So they could get the finest silicon and glass and they could make it themselves. That's their economics. Again, capitalism always wins, right? This is a lesson that we shouldn't forget.

I should say – sorry, Andrew. The reason that they had good glass is they were some of the foremost – explorers, right? A lot of the early trade and they were, what did exploration give them? Access to trade. So they could get the finest silicon and glass and they could make it themselves. That's their economics. Again, capitalism always wins, right? This is a lesson that we shouldn't forget.

Their commerce, their economies allowed them to do trade and get – acquire the best, highest quality materials, then that was used to make the best scientific equipment. And it's just curious. It would be like if we – they built these scientific tools, but they didn't use them for science.

Their commerce, their economies allowed them to do trade and get – acquire the best, highest quality materials, then that was used to make the best scientific equipment. And it's just curious. It would be like if we – they built these scientific tools, but they didn't use them for science.

Their commerce, their economies allowed them to do trade and get – acquire the best, highest quality materials, then that was used to make the best scientific equipment. And it's just curious. It would be like if we – they built these scientific tools, but they didn't use them for science.