Dr. Casey Means

I mean, you've got to turn them to basically a storage form, which inside the cell could be toxic fats like ceramides and diacylglycerol.

And I'm also going to block the cell from taking any more substrates because I can't do anything with them.

That is fundamentally a root of insulin resistance.

So the body says, okay, we're going to block the ability of the insulin receptor to transduce its intracellular signaling pathway.

We're going to block it.

And when that insulin binds, we're not actually going to allow for glucose to come in.

So essentially insulin resistance is the cell compensating for the mitochondria being broken and

and telling the insulin receptor that it's not going to be functional and so you don't get the glute receptors on the cell membrane to allow the glucose to come in.

So that's insulin resistance.

Again, we talk about that as the problem, but the problem is actually inside the cell leading to that.

So that's why just giving someone insulin isn't necessarily the answer.

We have to increase mitochondrial capacity to let the flow go.

happen through it to energy, which then trickles up into relieving a lot of these problems.

So to answer your question, what we really want to do to increase our metabolic capacity from a first principles perspective, it's we need to make more mitochondria.

We need to get each mitochondria to be more functional.

And we need to have each more functional mitochondria processing more energy substrates.

It's really that simple.

And the beauty is we can do all of those things.

If you actually break down what those three things mean, it means promoting mitophagy.

the recycling of old mitochondria to new mitochondria.