Kevin McKernan

So they have a spike sequence attached to a ketamycin resistance gene attached to what's known as a bacterial origin of replication that a coli will grab onto and replicate this DNA. Once that's in a bacterial cell, you just have to grow that stuff at 37 degrees overnight and you get millions of old amplification of the cells. They double every 20 or 30 minutes.

So they have a spike sequence attached to a ketamycin resistance gene attached to what's known as a bacterial origin of replication that a coli will grab onto and replicate this DNA. Once that's in a bacterial cell, you just have to grow that stuff at 37 degrees overnight and you get millions of old amplification of the cells. They double every 20 or 30 minutes.

So they have a spike sequence attached to a ketamycin resistance gene attached to what's known as a bacterial origin of replication that a coli will grab onto and replicate this DNA. Once that's in a bacterial cell, you just have to grow that stuff at 37 degrees overnight and you get millions of old amplification of the cells. They double every 20 or 30 minutes.

And so every time the cell doubles, you get about 200 copies of that piece of DNA with it. So fermenting this overnight and suddenly you get yourself millions and millions of copies of this DNA. that you now need to get out of a coli. So you lice it open with some soap and purify that DNA, hopefully away from all the other junk. And now you've got your plasmid purified, ready to turn into RNA.

And so every time the cell doubles, you get about 200 copies of that piece of DNA with it. So fermenting this overnight and suddenly you get yourself millions and millions of copies of this DNA. that you now need to get out of a coli. So you lice it open with some soap and purify that DNA, hopefully away from all the other junk. And now you've got your plasmid purified, ready to turn into RNA.

And so every time the cell doubles, you get about 200 copies of that piece of DNA with it. So fermenting this overnight and suddenly you get yourself millions and millions of copies of this DNA. that you now need to get out of a coli. So you lice it open with some soap and purify that DNA, hopefully away from all the other junk. And now you've got your plasmid purified, ready to turn into RNA.

That's kind of the manufacturing process that they use for making these Pfizer vaccines. Now, what is a plasmid? A plasmid is that circular piece of DNA that kind of carries the spike DNA that you want to have replicated in a coli. So it contains, the plasmid is circular, so it contains an antibiotic resistance gene and an origin of replication that ensures the coli cell will replicate it.

That's kind of the manufacturing process that they use for making these Pfizer vaccines. Now, what is a plasmid? A plasmid is that circular piece of DNA that kind of carries the spike DNA that you want to have replicated in a coli. So it contains, the plasmid is circular, so it contains an antibiotic resistance gene and an origin of replication that ensures the coli cell will replicate it.

That's kind of the manufacturing process that they use for making these Pfizer vaccines. Now, what is a plasmid? A plasmid is that circular piece of DNA that kind of carries the spike DNA that you want to have replicated in a coli. So it contains, the plasmid is circular, so it contains an antibiotic resistance gene and an origin of replication that ensures the coli cell will replicate it.

So if you glue your spike sequence onto that piece of DNA into a circle, put that in a coli, and give it an antibiotic, the only coli that will survive are the coli cells that have the plasmid that code for the resistance. Okay. Oh, there you go. Nice. Plasma maps. So you can see a bacterial DNA in there. The bacterial DNA in a coli is like six million letters long.

So if you glue your spike sequence onto that piece of DNA into a circle, put that in a coli, and give it an antibiotic, the only coli that will survive are the coli cells that have the plasmid that code for the resistance. Okay. Oh, there you go. Nice. Plasma maps. So you can see a bacterial DNA in there. The bacterial DNA in a coli is like six million letters long.

So if you glue your spike sequence onto that piece of DNA into a circle, put that in a coli, and give it an antibiotic, the only coli that will survive are the coli cells that have the plasmid that code for the resistance. Okay. Oh, there you go. Nice. Plasma maps. So you can see a bacterial DNA in there. The bacterial DNA in a coli is like six million letters long.

These plasmas are like 5,000 to 10,000 letters long.

These plasmas are like 5,000 to 10,000 letters long.

These plasmas are like 5,000 to 10,000 letters long.

But they're circular. That helps them replicate and through a process known as rolling circle amplification, but also keeps them from degrading as quickly because there's no ends of DNA. When they're tied in a Mobius strip like that, the enzymes don't know how to really destroy them. So plasmas tend to stick around for a very long period of time.

But they're circular. That helps them replicate and through a process known as rolling circle amplification, but also keeps them from degrading as quickly because there's no ends of DNA. When they're tied in a Mobius strip like that, the enzymes don't know how to really destroy them. So plasmas tend to stick around for a very long period of time.

But they're circular. That helps them replicate and through a process known as rolling circle amplification, but also keeps them from degrading as quickly because there's no ends of DNA. When they're tied in a Mobius strip like that, the enzymes don't know how to really destroy them. So plasmas tend to stick around for a very long period of time.

But on the backbone of that plasmid, you will have an antibiotic resistance gene. I think I had another one over there. It was like a plasmid map. If you just scroll one image over, like the, yeah, there you go. Bang. If you click on that, you'll see they have these little pieces on them. So the inserted gene would be the spike. That they put in there.

But on the backbone of that plasmid, you will have an antibiotic resistance gene. I think I had another one over there. It was like a plasmid map. If you just scroll one image over, like the, yeah, there you go. Bang. If you click on that, you'll see they have these little pieces on them. So the inserted gene would be the spike. That they put in there.