Nutrient timing involves the purposeful consumption of all types of nutrients at various times throughout the day to favorably impact the adaptive response to acute and chronic exercise. Old idea: you need to deplete glycogen for carb loading supercompensation to work. New idea: you only need to reduce training training and eat high carbs for 3-4 days (8-12g/kg/day). Old idea: consuming fructose or carbohydrate close to competition can interfere with optimum performance. New idea: if carbohydrate consumption causes gut distress don’t consume them close to competition Here are the ISSN guidelines for nutrient timing, which we discuss in the podcast. Endogenous glycogen stores are maximized by following a high-carbohydrate diet (8–12 g of carbohydrate/kg/ day [g/kg/day]). If rapid restoration of glycogen is required (< 4 h of recovery time) then the following strategies should be considered:a) aggressive carbohydrate refeeding (1.2 g/kg/h) with a preference towards carbohydrate sources that have a high (> 70) glycemic indexb) the addition of caffeine (3–8 mg/kg)c) combining carbohydrates (0.8 g/kg/h) with protein (0.2–0.4 g/kg/h) Extended (> 60 min) bouts of high intensity (> 70% VO2max) exercise challenge fuel supply and fluid regulation, thus carbohydrate should be consumed at a rate of ~30–60 grams of carbohydrate/h in a 6–8% carbohydrate- electrolyte solution (6–12 fluid ounces) every 10–15 min throughout the entire exercise bout, particularly in those exercise bouts that span beyond 70 min. When carbohydrate delivery is inadequate, adding protein may help increase performance, ameliorate muscle damage, promote euglycemia and facilitate glycogen resynthesis. Carbohydrate ingestion throughout resistance exercise (e.g., 3–6 sets of 8–12 repetition maximum [RM] using multiple exercises targeting all major muscle groups) has been shown to promote euglycemia and higher glycogen stores. Consuming carbohydrate solely or in combination with protein during resistance exercise increases muscle glycogen stores, ameliorates muscle damage, and facilitates greater acute and chronic training adaptations. Meeting the total daily intake of protein, preferably with evenly spaced protein feedings (approximately every 3 h during the day), should be viewed as a primary area of emphasis for exercising individuals. Ingestion of essential amino acids (EAA; approximately 10 g)either in free form or as part of a protein bolus of approximately 20–40 g has been shown to maximally stimulate muscle protein synthesis (MPS). Pre- and/or post-exercise nutritional interventions (carbohydrate + protein or protein alone) may operate as an effective strategy to support increases in strength and improvements in body composition. However, the size and timing of a pre-exercise meal may impact the extent to which post-exercise protein feeding is required. Post-exercise ingestion (immediately to 2-h post) of high-quality protein sources stimulates robust increases in MPS. In non-exercising scenarios, changing the frequency of meals has shown limited impact on weight loss and body composition, with stronger evidence to indicate meal frequency can favorably improve appetite and satiety. Ingesting a 20–40 g protein dose (0.25–0.40 g/kg body mass/dose) of a high-quality source every three to 4 h appears to most favorably affect MPS rates when compared to other dietary patterns and is associated with improved body composition and performance outcomes. Consuming casein protein (~ 30–40 g) prior to sleep can acutely increase MPS and metabolic rate throughout

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