Happy Place
Episodes
Ashley James: You’re a bimbo! Mumsy! Bossy! How we shrink confidence out of girls
09 Feb 2026
Contributed by Lukas
You’re a bimbo. A nag. Too mumsy. Too bossy. Ever had any of those labels put on you? Far from harmless words, Ashley James is clear they all work t...
Book Club Meets: Grief, women in history, and Elizabethan magic, with Maggie O’Farrell
05 Feb 2026
Contributed by Lukas
You might have recently seen Hamnet at the cinema, but did you read the book along with the Happy Place Book Club in January?In this chat, Fearne and ...
Sam Clafln: I calorie count and overthink! What is body dysmorphia?
02 Feb 2026
Contributed by Lukas
Do you find it hard to look in the mirror? Have you found yourself controlling what you eat or exercise you do? Actor Sam Claflin has struggled with h...
Fearne says hello to intuitive exercise and goodbye to people pleasing
29 Jan 2026
Contributed by Lukas
There’s a bit too much pressure on reaching an unwavering state of happiness isn’t there? It’s just not realistic. So Fearne’s going to be dro...
Louise Thompson: Maternity care is bleak! Mental and physical scars of my traumatic birth
26 Jan 2026
Contributed by Lukas
Everyone deserves a safe and dignified birth, but when Louise Thompson gave birth to son Leo, she was left with post-traumatic stress disorder.In this...
Ant and Dec: I’d choose fatherhood over TV! Practicing gratitude and honouring growth
19 Jan 2026
Contributed by Lukas
Struggling to know if you’ve achieved enough? If you’re happy enough? Worry everything you’ve built could fall apart? Even national treasures An...
Sonia Choquette: “I’m having telepathic experiences!” Listen to your intuition
12 Jan 2026
Contributed by Lukas
What would you do if you weren’t afraid? That’s the question spiritual teacher and intuitive guide Sonia Choquette wants you to think about.In thi...
Overthinking is my demon! Erin Doherty on changing old behaviour patterns
05 Jan 2026
Contributed by Lukas
Do you constantly replay conversations, wondering if you said the wrong thing? You’re in good company; actor Erin Doherty’s biggest demon is overt...
Book Club Meets: I could have been radicalised! ISIS brides and teen angst, with Nussaibah Younis
02 Jan 2026
Contributed by Lukas
Fundamentally tells the story of Nadia, an academic who's been disowned by her puritanical mother and dumped by her lover, so she decides to get away ...
OCD, perimenopause, and hitting rock bottom: This year on Happy Place
29 Dec 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Which episodes of Happy Place have stayed with you this year?Reflecting on some of the chats she’s had this year, Fearne explores her own OCD diagno...
Fearne’s mates have joined the chat! Divorce, overwhelm, and festive drinking games
22 Dec 2025
Contributed by Lukas
You’ve heard Fearne talking about them loads over the years... now it’s time to meet her best school mates! This episode is basically your girls’...
Chloe Kelly: “I was riddled with anxiety!” My experience with hair loss and panic attacks
15 Dec 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Footballer Chloe Kelly has played a huge part in the Lioness’ immense success over the last few years, but severe anxiety has meant she’s often ha...
Kate Winslet: “The media called me fat!” Why I’m embracing wrinkles and championing women
08 Dec 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Grief can make you feel unnervingly vulnerable; this is how Kate Winslet reflects on losing her mum in 2017. In this chat, Fearne and Kate share their...
Book Club Meets: “Women are survivors and scapegoats!” Rage and revenge, with Elizabeth Day
05 Dec 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Elizabeth Day had an urgent need to say something about the way we’re living – about the power, politics, class, sexism, and discrimination that p...
“Shame keeps you silent!” Tell the truth to improve your self-worth
01 Dec 2025
Contributed by Lukas
For ten years of her life, Fearne was gripped by a deep feeling of shame; she chats through how she’s now learning to let it go. Shame breeds in sil...
Jack Whitehall: “Just act like you’re confident!” How to cope with embarrassing moments
24 Nov 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Nervous and embarrassed? Don’t let it show! Comedian Jack Whitehall has died on stage plenty of times, but never gives people the satisfaction of kn...
Spencer Matthews: "I lack empathy!" Managing addiction and victim mentality
17 Nov 2025
Contributed by Lukas
What limiting beliefs do you hold about yourself? Spencer Matthews has embraced his sense of adventure in order to explore his full potential.In this ...
Book Club Meets: “I’m a love and sex addict!” Elizabeth Gilbert copes with co-dependency and grief
13 Nov 2025
Contributed by Lukas
You might know Elizabeth Gilbert as the author of Eat Pray Love; now, she’s written All The Way To The River, charting her electric, heart-breaking ...
Malala Yousafzai: Should I get married? How to fall in love as a feminist
10 Nov 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Malala Yousafzai was shot by Taliban gunmen when she was 15. She then became the youngest ever recipient of the Novel Peace Prize, but since then she’...
Daisy May and Charlie Cooper: Being working class made us angry! Combat imposter syndrome
03 Nov 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Do you have a chip on your shoulder? Actors Daisy May and Charlie Cooper say growing up working class made them angry, but that feeling like outsiders...
“I think the worst!” How to manage anxiety and intrusive thoughts
31 Oct 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Fearne’s anxiety and OCD have been pretty loud recently, so she wanted to find a bit of solace in listening back to some other people with their own...
Is there life after death? What happens when we die, with Brian Cox
27 Oct 2025
Contributed by Lukas
We can learn a lot from scientists about getting comfortable with being wrong, says physicist Professor Brian Cox.In this chat with Fearne, Brian expl...
Jamie Laing on fatherhood, family, loneliness, and male body image
20 Oct 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Broadcaster and entrepreneur Jamie Laing had big fears about having kids... and yet he’s about to become a dad any day now.In this chat with Fearne,...
Blame achieves nothing! How to forgive yourself and others, with Charlie Mackesy
13 Oct 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Blame isn’t helpful. Illustrator and author Charlie Mackesy thinks learning to forgive yourself and others will lead to more peace.In this chat, Fea...
Greg James: Stop sleepwalking through life! Find your childlike self-belief
06 Oct 2025
Contributed by Lukas
What did you love doing when you were 10 years old? Broadcaster Greg James reckons we all need to prioritise fun and silliness more, and thinking abou...
Book Club Meets: Meeting their ex, jealousy, and heartbreak, with Aisha Muharrar
03 Oct 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Loved Ones – the Happy Place Book Club pick for September – tells the story of Julia, whose first love Gabe dies aged 29, launching her into a wor...
Get your sh*t together: How to achieve work life balance
29 Sep 2025
Contributed by Lukas
September always has a back-to-school feeling, so this episode is all about getting back into a successful work routine after the summer, without burn...
Lulu: “I deeply disliked myself!” Recovering from alcoholism and trauma
25 Sep 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Lulu shot to fame at 15, and she’s been playing that part, masking who she really is – Marie McDonald McLaughlin Lawrie – for the six decades si...
Joanna Page: I was breastfeeding on set! How to have a career and children
22 Sep 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Gavin and Stacey’s Joanna Page didn’t want kids, until she suddenly did at 35! In this chat with Fearne, Joanna explains how she had to bring her ...
Paddy McGuinness: “I was drowning and needed help!” Raising autistic kids and clinical depression
15 Sep 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Men are starting to open up. Presenter and comedian Paddy McGuinness used to work on building sites where vulnerability would have been seen as a weak...
Book Club Meets: Namaste Motherf*ckers! How to nail midlife, with Cally Beaton
12 Sep 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Cally Beaton spent much of her career in male-dominated board rooms. She, in her own words, was a ‘boring businessperson’. Now? She’s a stand up...
Vogue Williams: My health anxiety is bad! How to stop catastrophising
08 Sep 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Have you noticed your body changing with age? Vogue Williams has suddenly become aware that she needs to make a point of staying physically and mental...
Prue Leith: “You can’t have it all!” How to ask for help with work and family
01 Sep 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Can women have it all? Renowned restauranteur, cookery writer, and Great British Bake Off judge Dame Prue Leith doesn’t think so.In this chat with F...
“Self-care isn’t selfish!” How to keep fit and have fun
29 Aug 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Fearne’s been loving the UEFA Women’s EUROS, so this episode celebrates the huge summer of sport we’re having by listening back to some brillian...
Your mental state manifests physically! How your body impacts your brain
25 Aug 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Do you notice your body telling you when your brain is struggling? We’re headed back to this year’s Happy Place Festival in Gunnersbury Park, wher...
Sara Cox: I need to be left alone! How to take your holiday reading seriously
21 Aug 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Are you obsessed with finding the best books – yes, multiple – to read on holiday? Broadcaster Sara Cox is!Welcome to The Happy Place Guide To Hol...
Why don’t you like yourself? Gabby Bernstein: How to stop numbing difficult emotions
18 Aug 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Getting lost in anxiety, shame, or self-loathing? Spiritual leader Gabby Bernstein wants you to acknowledge all the messy parts of your true character...
Book Club Meets: I’m obsessed with romance scams! Gaslighting and misogyny, with Lisa Jewell
11 Aug 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Do you love a true crime scam documentary? Our latest Happy Place Book Club read is for you! Iconic author Lisa Jewell has written Don’t Let Him In,...
Clara Amfo: “I’m afraid of being bored!” How to take your holiday hobbies seriously
07 Aug 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Are holidays for switching off... or for fun activities? Broadcaster Clara Amfo is big into travelling solo so she can unapologetically indulge her ow...
Davina McCall: “What if I don’t make it?” Embracing life after a brain tumour
04 Aug 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Are you living the life you want to live? Broadcaster Davina McCall’s recent health scare has shown her the importance of living boldly, with no reg...
“I’m used to making mistakes!” Harriet Kemsley on how to stop worrying about being cringe
28 Jul 2025
Contributed by Lukas
It’s ok to make mistakes! Comedian Harriet Kemsley says her dyspraxia meant she learnt very early on not to take herself too seriously.In this chat ...
Release yourself from the male gaze: How to have more orgasms!
25 Jul 2025
Contributed by Lukas
It’s National Orgasm Day on July 31st, so Fearne is listening back to Happy Place conversations about female sexuality, fantasy, and – obviously –...
Richard E. Grant: Nigella recommends restaurants to me! Take your holiday food and drink seriously
24 Jul 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Be honest... do you pick your holiday destination based on the food you can eat there? You’re in good company – that’s just what Richard E. Gran...
How Trinny Woodall deals with rejection: Learning from failure and feedback
21 Jul 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Are you more confident in your work life than in your personal life? Or vice versa? Entrepreneur and beauty & fashion icon Trinny Woodal...
Rita Ora: "It's all about what your body needs!" Body confidence starts with self-care
16 Jul 2025
Contributed by Lukas
The size zero trend... the circle of shame... the fad diets... Millennial women who grew up during the 2000s now have the lowest body confidence of an...
Life doesn’t end at 40! How to live well for longer, with Dr Jenna Macciochi
14 Jul 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Hit midlife? What do you want to do with the second part of your life? Immunologist Dr Jenna Macciochi wonders that despite living longer now, we’re...
Tess Daly: “I’m rubbish at switching off!” Take your holiday wellness seriously
10 Jul 2025
Contributed by Lukas
How good are you at switching off on holiday? Are you even any good at taking a proper holiday in the first place? Broadcaster Tess Daly reckons welln...
Dita Von Teese: “You don’t look like a Playboy girl!” How to value your unique differences
07 Jul 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Do you find stripping and nudity empowering or degrading? Burlesque performer Dita Von Teese says feminism is about respecting each other’s choices,...
Book Club Meets: Sliding doors and the power of a name, with Florence Knapp
04 Jul 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Has your name influenced who you’ve become? Would you have different characteristics, would people react differently to you, would your life have tu...
“Feel it, process it, move on!” Mary Earps: How to find gratitude after hardship
30 Jun 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Do you trust your gut to make the best decision for yourself? Former England goalkeeper Mary Earps has had to make some bold, brave choices recently.I...
Seasons change, so will you: Become the thriving person you want to be
27 Jun 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Fearne is marking the summer solstice by reflecting on the Happy Place episodes that’ll help you connect with nature, mysticism, and in turn, your i...
No one would hire me - so I built my own business! Brandon Hulcoop on lifting barriers for blind people
25 Jun 2025
Contributed by Lukas
23 year old Brandon is the regional winner of the Enterprise category at the 2025 King's Trust Awards. In this chat with Fearne, Brandon explains how,...
Joel Dommett: “Pretending’s the first step!” Build confidence and quieten nerves
23 Jun 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Do you find yourself running a mental list of what you’ve got to do tomorrow...next month... instead of living in the moment? Comedian and presenter...
How to stop saying “yes” when you mean “no”, with Natalie Lue
16 Jun 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Who would you choose to be if you weren’t shit scared about what other people might think about you? Writer and speaker Natalie Lue has noticed that...
Feel walked over? Mel Robbins on turning pain into personal power
10 Jun 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Do you feel deep injustice at how others treat you? Mel Robbins is an award-winning podcast host and best-selling author; she says if other people wan...
Book Club Meets: Ambitious women and generational trauma, with Emily Henry
06 Jun 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Two writers are competing for the chance to tell the larger-than-life story of a famous reclusive heiress. One of them is going to uncover the truth b...
Munroe Bergdorf: “I’m scared for my safety!” Bodily autonomy & femininity as armour
02 Jun 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Identity has become tribal, and it’s stopping us understanding each other’s humanity. Activist, writer, and model Munroe Bergdorf explains how fea...
The Good Girl rebellion: How to stop caring if you’re likeable
30 May 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Fearne’s been thinking a lot lately about how much of her life she’s spent people pleasing as a result of wanting to be liked. So today, how to br...
Ashley Walters: Prison changed my mindset! How to reinvent yourself
26 May 2025
Contributed by Lukas
How have you come back from your rock bottom? Ashley Walters has reinvented himself over and over again, through music, acting, directing, parenthood,...
Should I have children? Ellie Simmonds on genetic disability diagnoses
19 May 2025
Contributed by Lukas
What beliefs, hopes, worries, and questions would you have if your unborn baby was given a diagnosis of a disability? It’s something retired paralym...
Mo Gilligan: Why success can lead to ego and how to laugh through misery
12 May 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Is there a reason so many comedians can struggle with their mental health? Mo Gilligan knows all too well that finding the funny in everything can som...
“You’re old, you’ll probably miscarry”: What’s really causing infertility? With Liberty Mills
05 May 2025
Contributed by Lukas
At age 43 Liberty Mills was told she had a 0.7% chance of having another baby with her own eggs – and that was with the assistance of IVF. But she a...
Book Club Meets: Homelessness and addiction, with Lorna Tucker
02 May 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Bare is the vital true story of Lorna Tucker’s fight to survive living on the streets of London. She had to lie, steal, strip, and just about everyt...
Dannii Minogue: “Resilience is a muscle!” Surviving The X Factor, divorce, and Kylie’s cancer
28 Apr 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Does going through a rough time make you untrusting of fleeting joyful moments, or make you lean into them harder? For Dannii Minogue it’s the latte...
Spring clean your life: how to make a fresh start
25 Apr 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Is your lifestyle in need of a spring clean? Maybe now’s the moment to pivot your career, pick up healthier habits, or embrace a new life you wouldn...
Fearne Cotton: “I’m completely out of my depth!” Happy Place turns seven
21 Apr 2025
Contributed by Lukas
It’s Happy Place’s 7th birthday! To celebrate, Fearne’s put down her own trusty notebook and let her presenter mate Alex Jones turn the intervie...
Pete Doherty: “I was seen a wreck head!” The truth behind the headlines
14 Apr 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Does anxiety or darkness drive you to create? Is creativity the ultimate catharsis? For musician Pete Doherty making art has, at times, been a matter ...
Manifesting won’t make you happy: Express true emotion with Estelle Bingham
07 Apr 2025
Contributed by Lukas
So many of us have had to shut down our heart and numb our emotions to survive. Estelle Bingham is dubbed ‘The Heart Whisperer’; she knows the gre...
Book Club Meets: First loves and sliding doors, with Clare Leslie Hall
04 Apr 2025
Contributed by Lukas
If you had a second chance at your first big love, would you take it? What about if you were already married to a very different kind of person? This ...
“Don’t talk to yourself like that!” Teddy Swims on learning self-compassion
31 Mar 2025
Contributed by Lukas
We change all the time, which means self-love is an ongoing practice; we’re constantly learning to love the person we are today. Musician Teddy Swim...
Feel the fear and make the change: Live from Tatton Festival
28 Mar 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Has fear ever stopped you from making the changes you want to make in life? Even if you know what you want, how do you turn your big goals into manage...
Will Poulter on OCD and intrusive thoughts: “It’s never easy but it gets easier!”
24 Mar 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Coping with mental health conditions is never easy, but it does get easier; that’s what actor Will Poulter has learnt through his own experiences wi...
Louise Redknapp: “I don’t feel good enough” Coping with loneliness and low self-esteem
17 Mar 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Is it a compliment to be called ‘nice’? Singer Louise Redknapp isn’t so sure. She’s always been the good girl, but she’s ready to embrace –...
Julian Clary on easing anxiety: “I just forgot to have a panic attack!”
10 Mar 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Can laughter ease anxiety? Comedian Julian Clary certainly thinks so. After living through some incredibly dark events and anxious times, he’s decid...
Book Club Meets: The mess of motherhood, with Holly Bourne
07 Mar 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Nicki, Lauren, Charlotte and Steffi have been friends since university. Now in their thirties, life is pulling them in different directions - but the ...
The Dynamo mask protected me: Steven Frayne copes with Crohn’s and feeling unworthy
03 Mar 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Dynamo brought epic magic into a lot of people’s lives, but now Steven Frayne is taking off the mask and choosing to notice the moments of magic he’...
Afua Hirsch: “Nobody gets to police our bodies!” How to reject beauty trends
24 Feb 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Do you get rid of your body hair? Do you hate your periods? Are you debating a nose job? Why? Writer and broadcaster Afua Hirsch has been tracing how ...
Chiwetel Ejiofor: Trauma and success can coexist! Re-learning what being strong means
17 Feb 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Are you able to balance being resilient with being vulnerable? Actor Chiwetel Ejiofor has spent time figuring out when to keep moving forward, and whe...
Is your routine a strait-jacket? How to enact change, with Donna Ashworth
10 Feb 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Do you dream of pivoting your career or lifestyle later in life? Poet Donna Ashworth did just that. She began to question the busy, fast-paced, perfec...
Book Club Meets: Choose to be happy, with David Larbi
07 Feb 2025
Contributed by Lukas
What is happiness to you? And do you think you deserve to be happy? Our Happy Place Book Club pick for January was Frequently Happy, by author and poe...
Naomi Watts talks menopause: “Women grin and bear it”
03 Feb 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Actor Naomi Watts went through early menopause at 36. She was experiencing symptoms she couldn’t explain, like itchy skin, night sweats, and anxiety...
What REALLY happens at therapy?
31 Jan 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Do you want to make 2025 the year you start therapy? Maybe you’re still a bit hesitant because you’re not completely sure how it works or what it ...
Millie Mackintosh: “I would drink to forget” Self-esteem, shame, and sobriety
27 Jan 2025
Contributed by Lukas
When does a coping mechanism become a problem? Millie Mackintosh talks through the big moments she realised her drinking was affecting both her own he...
Sophie Ellis-Bextor: “I’m a healthy amount of delusional!” How to sustain career success
20 Jan 2025
Contributed by Lukas
How loud are the voices in your head that tell you you’re definitely going to screw up that big opportunity? Sophie Ellis-Bextor is trying to make a...
“The shame was intense!” How Ben West coped with his brother’s suicide
13 Jan 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Ben West was 17 when his younger brother died by suicide. He’s since gone on to become a mental health campaigner, and has found humour can help com...
Eat for energy not weight loss! Em the Nutritionist: food impacts mood
06 Jan 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Making better food choices isn’t about changing who you are, but about making you the most energetic, vibrant version of you. Emily English, aka Em ...
Book Club Meets: Women speaking their minds, with Dame Harriet Walter
03 Jan 2025
Contributed by Lukas
Do you find yourself keeping quiet when you have plenty to say? Dame Harriet Walter – who has played 21 of Shakespeare’s female characters – has...
From panic attacks to psychopaths: Fearne takes you BTS at Happy Place
30 Dec 2024
Contributed by Lukas
It’s been a big year on Happy Place! Who was Fearne “shitting her pants” to meet? Who does she want to go for a spicy marg with? And who is she ...
Joanne McNally: “I’m problematically independent” Being an introverted extrovert
23 Dec 2024
Contributed by Lukas
Sometimes you have to just power through the self-loathing. Doing stand up comedy has helped Joanne McNally build resilience, take responsibilit...
Get fillers or age as you are! Caroline Hirons shares the skincare you NEED at every age
16 Dec 2024
Contributed by Lukas
Do you feel pressured to look a certain way as you age? CEO and beauty expert Caroline Hirons reckons it’s no one else’s business if you want to g...
Olly Alexander: “I couldn’t accept my identity” Queer joy and mental distress co-exist
09 Dec 2024
Contributed by Lukas
There should be no shame in being who you are. Musician and actor Olly Alexander has felt first hand how grappling with your identity can lead to poor...
Book Club Meets: Fate, mortality, and psychics, with Liane Moriarty
06 Dec 2024
Contributed by Lukas
Is your fate already pre-determined? Or do you feel you have true free will to dictate your own destiny? ...and if you could, would you want to find o...
Scott Mills: “Doing nothing is ok!” Stop feeling guilty for resting
05 Dec 2024
Contributed by Lukas
How quickly does your social battery drain? Do you know what you need to do to recharge it? Broadcaster Scott Mills admits he’s worked too hard and ...
You can’t be happy 24/7: Riley Keough on surrendering to grief and anger
02 Dec 2024
Contributed by Lukas
How good are you at letting yourself feel your feelings? Actor Riley Keough thinks it’s important to embrace the sad and angry moments as much as th...
Saying no: more boundaries, less people pleasing!
29 Nov 2024
Contributed by Lukas
How good are you at saying no to people, plans, and dynamics that don’t serve you...? Just in time for the festive season (A huge work load! Time wi...
“I have no interest in mediocrity!” Adam Pearson on having confidence to be extraordinary
25 Nov 2024
Contributed by Lukas
Did you have dreams of being extraordinary when you were a kid? For many of us, adult life starts chipping away at those big hopes and goals, but acto...
Helen Glover on progress over perfection: shift your perspective on success
18 Nov 2024
Contributed by Lukas
You’ve got to give new things a go and not give up when you’re a bit crap at first. Team GB Olympic rower Helen Glover is clear that a huge part o...
Coleen Rooney: Marriage takes work! Coping with the press and raising four kids
11 Nov 2024
Contributed by Lukas
How good are you at being honest with other people? Go on, be honest with yourself about that one! Coleen Rooney would always rather tell the truth be...
"Get comfortable with people not liking you!" Florence Given on embracing the cringe
04 Nov 2024
Contributed by Lukas
Do you cringe at other people’s joy? Author and illustrator Florence Given reckons cringing at others is telling you something about how you feel ab...
Book Club Meets: Desire, hormones, and tampons, with Miranda July
01 Nov 2024
Contributed by Lukas
Would you rip up your current life and reinvent yourself if you had the chance? Do you have desires you’d want to explore? Maybe there are hidden pa...