How should we think about diets that claim to optimise both human and planetary health? Can a single "reference diet" really balance the complex trade-offs between nutrition adequacy, chronic disease prevention, and environmental sustainability? These questions have gained renewed attention with the release of the 2025 update to the EAT-Lancet Planetary Health Diet. The original 2019 report proposed a mostly plant-based dietary pattern designed to improve population health while staying within planetary boundaries. But since then, new data have emerged—on nutrient requirements, disease risk, and environmental modelling—that complicate many of the original assumptions. What does the updated evidence actually say about the health impacts of eating in line with this framework? How have the environmental projections changed? And what do these evolving targets mean for individuals, policymakers, and researchers trying to translate broad sustainability goals into practical dietary guidance? These are some of the questions explored in this episode of Sigma Nutrition, which examines the 2025 EAT-Lancet update, its scientific foundations, and what it reveals about the intersection of nutrition, health, and planetary sustainability. Timestamps [01:46] Focus on the 2025 EAT-Lancet report [02:27] Overview of the Planetary Health Diet [03:13] Comparing 2019 and 2025 reports [03:40] Dietary recommendations and nutrient targets [04:14] Health and environmental impacts [09:12] Scoring methods and dietary patterns [27:00] Mortality and chronic disease outcomes [40:01] Type 2 diabetes [44:13] Neuroimaging and cognitive outcomes [49:48] Conclusions and practical implications [58:55] Key ideas segment (Premium-only) Links & Resources Go to episode page (with links to studies) Join the Sigma email newsletter for free Subscribe to Sigma Nutrition Premium Alan Flanagan's Alinea Nutrition Education Hub Enroll in the next cohort of our Applied Nutrition Literacy course Report: EAT-Lancet

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“What did the council decide on item 42?” — answered with the speaker and the moment.

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