Show notes
🎗️ In this episode lets examine the rising incidence of breast cancer in women under 40, a topic that resonates personally due to my family history, including my mother’s diagnosis and multiple relatives affected.📊 We cover incidence and mortality trends, then systematically unpack core risk factors including genetics (BRCA1/BRCA2 and other high penetrance genes), family history, reproductive and hormonal influences, oral contraceptive use, and established lifestyle contributors.🧬 We discuss the benefits, limitations, and considerations of screening modalities, including mammography, ultrasound, and MRI in younger populations, weighing radiation exposure against sensitivity. I also outline recommendations for genetic risk assessment and testing pathways with region-specific resources:Australia: Breast and Ovarian Cancer Risk Management Initiative (BOCRMI) and clinical genetics through state-based services.New Zealand: Referrals via Te Whatu Ora clinical genetics services for BRCA testing pathways.UK/Europe: NHS Genetics Services (UK) and European Reference Networks for hereditary cancer syndromes.Canada: Genetics/Genomics Ontario or provincial cancer genetics programs.USA: National Society of Genetic Counselors and clinical testing through accredited labs (e.g., Myriad, Invitae) with referral from genetics professionals.🌿 The episode outlines modifiable risk reduction strategies backed by the literature, including structured physical activity, reducing alcohol intake, enhancing metabolic and insulin sensitivity, optimising sleep quality, and dietary patterns associated with lower breast cancer risk such as Mediterranean-style diets, high fibre intake, omega-3 fatty acids, phytoestrogens (e.g., soy), and adequate vitamin D status.SourcesAustralian Bureau of Statistics. (2023, December 15). National health survey: First results, 2022. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/health/health-conditions-and-risks/national-health-survey/latest-releaseAustralian Bureau of Statistics. (n.d.). Waist circumference and BMI: 2022. Retrieved February 10, 2026, from https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/health/health-conditions-and-risks/waist-circumference-and-bmi/latest-releaseAustralian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2024, June 17). Overweight and obesity: Summary. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/overweight-obesity/overweight-and-obesity/contents/summaryBreast Cancer Network Australia. (n.d.). Breast cancer risk in families. Retrieved February 10, 2026, from https://www.bcna.org.au/resources/screening-and-diagnosis/family-history-and-genetics/breast-cancer-risk-in-families/Breast Cancer Network Australia. (n.d.). Genetic mutations that increase breast cancer risk. Retrieved February 10, 2026, from https://www.bcna.org.au/resources/screening-and-diagnosis/family-history-and-genetics/genetic-mutations-that-increase-risk/Breast Cancer Trials. (n.d.). Q&A: Are more young women being diagnosed with breast cancer? Retrieved February 10, 2026, from https://www.breastcancertrials.org.au/qa-events/qa-are-more-young-women-being-diagnosed-with-breast-cancer/Cancer Australia. (2024, October 3). Reproductive factors. https://www.canceraustralia.gov.au/breast-cancer-risk-factors/risk-factors/reproductive-factorsCancer Australia. (2024, October 22). Medical history and medications. https://www.canceraustralia.gov.au/breast-cancer-risk-factors/modifiable-factors/medical-history-and-medicationsCancer Australia. (2025, November 3). Breast cancer in young women. https://www.canceraustralia.gov.au/cancer-types/breast-cancer-young-womenCancer Australia. (2025, December 18). Breast cancer in young women statistics. https://www.canceraustralia.gov.au/cancer-types/breast-cancer-young-women/breast-cancer-young-women-statisticsCenters for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. (2024, September 24). Obesity and severe obesity prevalence in adults (Data Brief No. 508). https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db508.htmCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. (2025, August 15). Breast cancer among women younger than 45. https://www.cdc.gov/united-states-cancer-statistics/publications/breast-cancer-among-young-women.htmlCollaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. (2012). Menarche, menopause, and breast cancer risk: Individual participant meta-analysis, including 118,964 women with breast cancer from 117 epidemiological studies. The Lancet Oncology, 13(11), 1141–1151. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(12)70425-4Erren, T. C., Morfeld, P., & Foster, R. G. (2019). IARC 2019: “Night shift work” is probably carcinogenic to humans. Chronobiology International, 36(10), 1448–1450. https://doi.org/10.1080/07420528.2019.1657155International Agency for Research on Cancer. (2020, June 2). IARC monographs volume 124: Night shift work. https://www.iarc.who.int/news-events/iarc-monographs-volume-124-night-shift-work/Kuchenbaecker, K. B., Hopper, J. L., Barnes, D. R., Phillips, K.-A., Mooij, T. M., Roos-Blom, M.-J., Jervis, S., van Leeuwen, F. E., Milne, R. L., Andrieu, N., Goldgar, D. E., Terry, M. B., Rookus, M. A., Easton, D. F., Antoniou, A. C., & BRCA1 and BRCA2 Cohort Consortium. (2017). Risks of breast, ovarian, and contralateral breast cancer for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. JAMA, 317(23), 2402–2416. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.7112Mørch, L. S., Skovlund, C. W., Hannaford, P. C., Iversen, L., Fielding, S., & Lidegaard, Ø. (2017). Contemporary hormonal contraception and the risk of breast cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 377(23), 2228–2239. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1700732National Breast Cancer Foundation. (n.d.). Breast cancer statistics in Australia. Retrieved February 10, 2026, from https://nbcf.org.au/about-breast-cancer/breast-cancer-stats/National Cancer Institute. (2020, February 10). Physical activity and cancer fact sheet. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/obesity/physical-activity-fact-sheetNational Cancer Institute. (2024, July 19). BRCA gene changes: Cancer risk and genetic testing. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/genetics/brca-fact-sheetPijpe, A., Andrieu, N., Easton, D. F., Kesminiene, A., Cardis, E., Noguès, C., Gauthier-Villars, M., Lasset, C., Fricker, J.-P., Peock, S., Frost, D., Evans, D. G., Eeles, R. A., Paterson, J., Manders, P., van Asperen, C. J., Ausems, M. G. E. M., Meijers-Heijboer, H. E. J., Thierry-Chef, I., … van Leeuwen, F. E. (2012). Exposure to diagnostic radiation and risk of breast cancer among carriers of BRCA1/2 mutations: Retrospective cohort study (GENE-RADRISK). BMJ, 345, e5660. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e5660Susan G. Komen. (n.d.). Breast cancer risk factors: Age. Retrieved February 10, 2026, from https://www.komen.org/breast-cancer/risk-factor/age/World Cancer Research Fund. (n.d.). Alcoholic drinks and the risk of cancer. Retrieved February 10, 2026, from https://www.wcrf.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Alcoholic-Drinks.pdfWorld Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. (2023, January 4). No level of alcohol consumption is safe for our health. https://www.who.int/europe/news/item/04-01-2023-no-level-of-alcohol-consumption-is-safe-for-our-healthWorld Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. (2025, November 26). Alcohol and cancer (Fact sheet). https://www.who.int/europe/news-room/fact-sheets/item/alcohol-and-cancerAdvertising Inquiries: https://redcircle.com/brands