The Indo Daily

Emily Hand, Leo Varadkar, and the fallout from that tweet

29 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Scenes of jubilation as 9-year-old Irish Israeli Emily Hand was finally reunited with her family after 50 days of being held hostage in Gaza. But how ...

The Garda failure to act? The rise of the far right and the Dublin riots

28 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Is the far right set for political gains in Ireland like those in other European countries? We also examine claims that in less than an hour after the...

The phone tapping scandal and the downfall of Charles Haughey

27 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

In 1981, The Fianna Fail government ordered the tapping of journalists phones to find out who was leaking damaging government secrets to the press. Th...

Revisited: ‘Money for Jam’ – What John Delaney did next

26 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

John Delaney is recruiting his Irish contacts to become directors of brass-plate Irish companies for overseas online businesses selling cannabis oil a...

The Dublin Riots: Anarchy on our streets and the fallout from it

24 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Dublin City is cleaning up the aftermath of violent scenes following a night of rioting, clashes with Gardaí and looting. The unprecedented scenes fo...

Sam Altman - OpenAI's revolving door and the future of AI

24 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Artificial Intelligence often dominates business and tech news of late, and all too often these stories centre on fears that AI will replace human job...

Spiritans Scandal: 'No amount of money can take back what happened'

23 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

More than a dozen settlements have been made by the Spiritans congregation in the last year after civil cases were filed in the High Court over allege...

The mystery behind a gruesome double murder in a lonely Longford village

22 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Killed in their kitchen on a cold November night, the mysterious double murder that has all but been forgotten - until now. Host: Fionnán Sheahan Gue...

Sean 'Diddy' Combs, Cassie Ventura and the 24-hour lawsuit that shook a hip-hop icon

21 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Rapper and hip-hop icon Sean 'Diddy' Combs was at the centre of disturbing allegations by his former girlfriend Casandra "Cassie" Ventura last week, w...

Rule Britannia: Can Tubs match the success of other Irish broadcasters in the UK?

20 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

After being ejected from RTE, Ryan Tubridy has landed on his feet in London with a new radio show at Virgin Radio. But can he match the success of fel...

Poison, prank calls and Putin - the trials of Alexei Navalny

20 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Martyr, revolutionary, and a constant thorn in Putin’s side, how could the imprisoned opposition leader Alexei Navalny play a role in the future of ...

The Tánaiste’s Middle East tour and the search for Emily Hand

17 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

As Tánaiste Micheál Martin tours the Middle East looking to secure both the release of 8-year-old Emily Hand and a ceasefire in the region, we ask i...

Resignations, financial trouble, and the man behind the Peter McVerry Trust

16 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Long known for helping people in need – the Peter McVerry Trust now finds itself seeking financial assistance from the government. What is happening...

The FAI’s latest financial own goal

15 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Staff at the Football Association of Ireland (FAI) have reacted with anger at the revelation that Jonathan Hill, its chief executive, received payment...

Kevin Bakhurst’s belt-tightening and the long road back from scandal for RTÉ

14 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

No RTÉ stars will make more than €250,000 under the broadcaster's cost-cutting plan. These are some of the measures that Director General Kevin Bak...

David Cameron is back as Suella Braverman gets the sack

13 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

After picking fights with Palestinian protesters, the police and the homeless, outspoken British Home Secretary Suella Braverman has been sacked. In a...

Windmills, whales, and Trump’s pick for possible Vice President

13 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Donald Trump and his children testified in front of a New York judge to dispute claims that the former US president deceived banks. What transpired wa...

Revisited: Last letter reveals lonely life and 'cruel' deaths of mysterious Tipperary couple

12 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Nicholas and Hillary Smith lay dead in their Tipperary home for 18 months until their bodies were discovered last year. But new details exclusive to t...

Mother, monster, killer - Who is the real Molly Martens?

10 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

When Molly Martens arrived in Limerick in 2008, she seemed like an All-American Girl with the world at her feet. But that public persona - like many o...

The Ashling Murphy trial: how Jozef Puska tried to get away with murder

09 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Ashling Murphy, a 23 year old primary school teacher went for a run on the banks of the Grand Canal outside Tullamore – she never returned home. Thi...

Luis Diaz: The big business of South American kidnapping

09 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Soccer star Luis Diaz has continued to play for Liverpool despite his father being held hostage in his native Columbia. The story has gained global at...

Adoption, allegations, and a deadly assault – Molly Martens sentencing developments

07 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

‘Primary focus of Molly Martens’ existence’ was to adopt Jason Corbett’s children, divorce him and get custody – this is what the Lexington ...

Scratch my back: Robert De Niro and the courtroom battle with his ex-assistant

07 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Description: Award winning actor Robert De Niro is in a legal battle, after his former assistant accused the actor of gender discrimination and workpl...

WeWork faces bankruptcy: The fall of charismatic 'tech messiah' Adam Neumann

06 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

With a peak valuation of 47 billion dollars, Adam Neumann's WeWork was once a global empire. But his vision for the company didn't stop there - he eve...

The lost boys of Belfast

04 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

A compelling new documentary ‘Lost Boys- Belfast’s Missing Children’ has shed new light on the mysterious disappearance of FIVE children at the ...

Ashling Murphy trial: Jozef Puska claims he was stabbed by man who also attacked the schoolteacher

03 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Today, the Central Criminal Court heard more evidence from Jozef Puska, the man accused of murdering school teacher Ashling Murphy. He told the Centra...

Molly Martens trial latest: claims that Jason Corbett was abusive

02 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

The retrial of Molly and Tom Martens for the brutal killing of Jason Corbett has seen their defence put forward dramatic claims against the deceased I...

'We aren't running out of compassion, we're running out of cash': Welfare payments for Ukrainian refugees

02 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Since the Russia - Ukraine war broke out in 2022, Ireland has welcomed nearly 100,000 Ukrainian refugees. However, with an already stretched housing s...

The RTE star, a Meath housing estate and the families in need of a Home Rescue

01 Nov 2023

Contributed by Lukas

It's been 3 years since these families in Meath put down a deposit on their dream homes. Now, after a bombshell request from the developer, they're fa...

The Mountjoy Prison Helicopter Escape and the manhunt that followed

31 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

50 years ago this week, Mountjoy Prison played host to one of the most dramatic escapes in history. It was a Halloween horror show for the onlooking g...

Revisited: The killing of Jason Corbett and the Tom and Molly Martens retrial

30 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

This week, the retrial of Tom and Molly Martens gets underway in North Carolina. The pair were previously convicted of the brutal killing of Limerick ...

James Mitchell: The Butcher of Glenanne and the Dublin Monaghan bombings

30 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

The ‘Glenanne Gang’ were responsible for up 120 murders including the Dublin Monaghan bombings, the Miami Showband massacre, and scores of other s...

Wix, Web Summit and why work and politics don't mix

27 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Recent stories about Wix and the Web Summit have shown that airing personal views online can have serious professional consequences. Where is the line...

The ‘weirdo’ billionaire who has Donald Trump and King Charles in trouble

26 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Donations to the Royals, discussing nuclear submarines with US Presidents and influencing Prime Ministers. We delve into the world of Australian billi...

John Magnier: the private billionaire's many public battles

25 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Although Irish billionaire John Magnier famously avoids the media spotlight - he's been no stranger to public battles over the years. We hear how a ha...

Coleen Rooney, Wagatha Christie and the cult of the celebrity documentary

24 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

While the Wagatha Christie trial is long behind us, a new documentary featuring Coleen Rooney claims it will show audiences the truth behind the contr...

The Rules of War explained

23 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

With war raging in the Middle East and Europe, we ask; have the lessons of the 20th century been forgotten? What are the rules of engagement for moder...

What now for the Web Summit? The continued fallout from Paddy Cosgrave’s comments

21 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Following claims last week by Web Summit founder Paddy Cosgrave that Israel was engaging in “war crimes” in the Gaza Strip, a number of big-name g...

James 'Nellie' Walsh: The gangland criminal on the run from his enemies

20 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Gangland criminal James 'Nellie Walsh' is a hunted man... but this time it's not by Gardaí. In fact, they have issued him with a warning that his lif...

The Ashling Murphy murder trial: Garda tells of 'so much blood'

19 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

A garda and a colleague attempted CPR and chest compressions to Ashling for ten to 15 minutes after they arrived at the Grand Canal in Tullamore. The ...

Octagon of Opulence: Inside Conor McGregor’s multi-million property empire

19 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

He conquered the fighting world, and now Conor McGregor is quietly constructing a property portfolio across Dubin that includes pubs and apartments w...

The Ashling Murphy murder trial: Witnesses take to the stand

18 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

A woman out for a jog along the Grand Canal in Tullamore saw a man crouched over a girl who was lying on the ground and "kicking so hard", the jury in...

The Ashling Murphy murder trial: Opening statements

17 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Murder accused Jozef Puska told gardaí "I did it. I murdered. I am the murderer" when officers spoke to him two days after Ashling Murphy died, the C...

Chaos in Gaza as Israel prepares to retaliate against Hamas

16 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

As the world holds its breath as Israeli forces prepare to take action against Hamas, what is the current situation in Gaza and how could events there...

The Irish actor conned out of thousands by fake Hollywood producer

16 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

For Eoin O’Brien, a Dublin expat living in Bangkok, securing a part in a blockbuster film was the dream of a lifetime. But the Hollywood producer wh...

Revisited: Has the long Island serial killer been caught at last?

15 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

An architect has been accused of killing three women whose bodies were found close together in 2010 on Gilgo Beach, Long Island. Investigators have sa...

Tubridy, redundancy, insolvency – the latest woes at RTÉ?

13 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

RTÉ director-general Kevin Bakhurst came in for a grilling at the Public Accounts Committee on the actions and future for RTE. From talks of insolven...

Tina Satchwell murder : Man arrested after skeletal remains found at Youghal property

12 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Tina Satchwell mysteriously disappeared from her home in Youghal, Co Cork in March 2017. Gardai have now arrested a man in connection with the murder ...

Holly Willoughby: the light and shade of This Morning's duo

12 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

After 14 years on the couch at ITV's 'This Morning', Holly Willoughby has officially called it a day. The shock announcement came after a tumultuous y...

Why Britney Spears’ knife dancing sparks police intervention and fan concern

11 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Recently Britney Spears took to Instagram dancing with 2 large butcher’s knives. Why did she do this and why did someone with ties to the singer cal...

What Budget 2024 means for you and your pocket

10 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

It's a €14bn budget, with €2.7bn of it set aside to address the 'cost-of-living' crisis, but who among us are the winners and who has been left ou...

Explainer: Israel-Hamas war - what happened and what could follow

09 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

On Saturday, Hamas launched a series of unprecedented attacks on Israel killing hundreds of civilians. Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu warne...

Black Axe – The notorious international criminal network now based in Ireland

09 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Black Axe are an international crime gang now based in Ireland, who specialise in romance and business email fraud. They are suspected of using these ...

EXTRA - Does a child in ‘Kildare’ really identify as a cat?

08 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Tall tales of children ‘identifying as cats’ have gone viral in recent years. Journalists look into it, but somehow, they can never track down the...

Máiría Cahill on the rise of Sinn Fein and Mary Lou McDonald as Taoiseach

06 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Máiría Cahill waived her anonymity in 2014 when she detailed allegations of sexual abuse at the hands of an IRA member. Nearly a decade on, as Sinn ...

Abercrombie + Fitch - the ugly sex scandal rocking the fashion world

05 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

With a marketing strategy built around a very particular beauty ideal, Abercrombie & Fitch was once the ultimate aspirational, All-American brand. Now...

RTE: Further barter account investigation and pressure to hold senior executives accountable

04 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Media Minister Catherine Martin was before the Oireachtas Media Committee today where she answered questions from TDs and senators in relation to RTÉ...

Defendant in the murder of Tupac Shakur speaks in court.

04 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

In the mid-90s rapper Tupac Shakur was at the top of the entertainment world. But his life was cut short in September 1996 when he was gunned down whi...

How drug smuggling keeps getting sunk by the Cork coastline.

03 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Last week’s record cocaine haul wasn’t the first time a drug shipment was scuttled. Over the past few decades, Cork's coast has been the scene of ...

Unsolved - Who murdered the BBC's golden girl Jill Dando?

02 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

In 1999 Jill Dando was the ‘golden girl’ of British television. The 37-year-old's murder on her front doorstep shocked the world, Despite an inten...

Best of: The Vatican, Mussolini, and a UFO cover-up – the Pentagon whistleblower story

01 Oct 2023

Contributed by Lukas

The Indo Daily goes all Mulder and Scully and examines the claims made by the Pentagon whistleblower David Grusch that the United States has been hidi...

Hurling legend DJ Carey charged in court

29 Sep 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Hurling legend DJ Carey has been charged with multiple deception and forgery offences in an alleged cancer treatment scam. What next for the Kilkenny ...

GB News scandal: Dan Wootton sacked from MailOnline as fallout from Laurence Fox interview grows

28 Sep 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Dan Wootton has been sacked by the MailOnline just a day after he was suspended by GB News for his interview with actor Laurence Fox where remarks wer...

Seizures on the cocaine ‘mothership’ - the MV Matthew - estimated at €156million as Kinahan link probed

27 Sep 2023

Contributed by Lukas

The Irish Navy fired warning shots at the MV Matthew’s to force the ship to stop leaving Irish waters. What was discovered next could be the biggest...

RTÉ spending: Luxury hotels and the Late Late Show’s 'celebrity booker'

27 Sep 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Four-star luxury hotel rooms for staff, the hiring of a 'celebrity booker' for The Late Late Show. RTÉ spending in under continued scrutiny and the D...

Male escorts, sexually explicit texts and legal wranglings – more Irish dancing scandals

26 Sep 2023

Contributed by Lukas

The normally wholesome world of Irish dancing is once again making sensational headlines with male escorts, sexually explicit texts and court cases no...

‘Every room was covered in blood’ - the brutal murder of Sligo man Pat Ward

25 Sep 2023

Contributed by Lukas

McCrea Park was a quiet and peaceful close-knit community. That all changed one Saturday morning in 2019 with the discovery of one of Northern Ireland...

Thomas Niedermayer: How the IRA murder of a German businessman led to the death of his wife and children

24 Sep 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Thomas Niedermayer was kidnapped from his Belfast home in 1973.There was no ransom demand, no information; he just disappeared. What happened to him? ...

Out Now: I'm Not Here to Hurt You, Episode 6

23 Sep 2023

Contributed by Lukas

John’s story has caught the attention of many but none more so than the bank teller who played a part in his downfall. She gives the view from the o...

Elon Musk: human ­trailblazer or a global threat?

22 Sep 2023

Contributed by Lukas

It’s been a busy and turbulent few weeks for Elon Musk. He met several world leaders and came under heavy criticism for his decision to refuse Ukrai...

The vagabond millionaire, a derelict house and the Sinn Féin money

21 Sep 2023

Contributed by Lukas

A ramshackle house in Carlow is the subject of intense political scrutiny having been bequeathed to Sinn Féin by a mysterious Welshman when he died i...

Russell Brand latest: the mounting allegations and now the financial fallout

19 Sep 2023

Contributed by Lukas

He was a household Brand; from MTV, Channel 4 and BBC, to a wild night in Dublin, and even conquering Hollywood. What next for Russell Brand after a s...

‘I had to call him Uncle Frank’ - GAA legend Philly McMahon on his Dad's life on the run (Part 2)

19 Sep 2023

Contributed by Lukas

On the GAA pitch Philly McMahon was an All-Ireland winner. But off the pitch his personal life was turbulent. His father Phil McMahon was interned in ...

Shot at 16, interned at 19 and dead at 64: GAA legend Philly McMahon on his inspiration - his Dad (Part 1)

18 Sep 2023

Contributed by Lukas

The story of how Philly McMahon became an All-Ireland Champion eight times, is more than just that of hard work and determination. His story began wit...

Revisited: A convicted fraudster, 40 cousins and a will worth millions

17 Sep 2023

Contributed by Lukas

When a widow with no children, no siblings, and no surviving first cousins passed away, questions were raised when one of her distant cousins - Galway...

The Wolfe Tones sell out the 3Arena: The EP controversy that sparked a new generation of fans

15 Sep 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Irish folk band The Wolfe Tones have long been associated with their republican ballads. Thousands gathered to hear them play at this year's Electric ...

Putin and Kim Jong Un's worrying alliance - Ukraine, trains and diplomatic deals

14 Sep 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Putin welcomes Kim Jong Un and his “moving fortress” to Russia. How will this unlikely friendship affect the war in Ukraine and Russian relations ...

The kiss, the hunger strike & now the court appearance – the Luis Rubiales scandal

13 Sep 2023

Contributed by Lukas

From a World Cup victory to a high court summons, the former Spanish Football Federation president Luis Rubiales will now appear in a Madrid court ove...

New book lifts the lid on the inner workings of Sinn Féin

12 Sep 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Sinn Féin – “who they are, where they came from and how they operate.” The revelations in a new book ‘The Long Game: Inside Sinn Féin’ has...

‘I’m Not Here to Hurt You’ – Ireland’s most ‘polite bank robber’

11 Sep 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Life is on the right track for academic John O’Hegarty until a moment of recklessness sets him on a path to self-destruction. If you want to listen ...

Best of: Unravelling the 50-year-old mystery of the Cork father who disappeared twice.

10 Sep 2023

Contributed by Lukas

The picturesque market town of Fermoy in county Cork would become the unlikely scene of a curious double vanishing of the same man. Now, half a centur...

RTE’s newest crisis and Ryan Tubridy’s next move

07 Sep 2023

Contributed by Lukas

As Ryan Tubridy cosies up to UK media, former bosses at the state broadcaster face yet more questions around cashflow, culture and accountability. Wha...

A Body in Tralee, conspiracy theories and the FBI link - The Thomas Stofiel tragedy

07 Sep 2023

Contributed by Lukas

An inquest in Tralee has finally answered a three-year long question - who was the man found dead on Slieve Mish Mountain in Kerry in 2020 and how was...

Blackmail, sexual harassment, and explicit messages – the explosive Irish dancing lawsuit

05 Sep 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Last October the world of Irish dancing was left reeling from allegations of what is now known as ‘Feis fixing’. However now a court case involvi...

John Gilligan - The life and lies of Ireland's most notorious gangster

05 Sep 2023

Contributed by Lukas

The ruthless godfather John Gilligan is credited with ushering in a new era of organised crime and the modern narcotics trade in Ireland. As he walks ...

Putin after Prigozhin: Could he reach for the nuclear option?

04 Sep 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Yevgeny Prigozhin’s brief uprising challenged Vladimir Putin in a way no one else ever has. But now he is dead – and few seem to doubt that Putin ...

Revisited: The 'Nutting Squad' - how an IRA unit became riddled with double agents

02 Sep 2023

Contributed by Lukas

The 'Nutting Squad', the notorious interrogation unit of the IRA was ruthless when it came to outing informers. Its top tier included the likes of Fre...

Downfall: Femme Fatale - The Black Widow, Catherine Nevin

01 Sep 2023

Contributed by Lukas

In 2000, Catherine Nevin was found guilty of the murder of her husband, Tom Nevin at their Co Wicklow pub. The Indo Daily recounts this dark and evil ...

Downfall: How Harvey Weinstein went from Hollywood royalty to convicted rapist.

31 Aug 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Revisited: In February Harvey Weinstein was jailed for another 16 years. The disgraced movie mogul begged the judge, "please don't sentence me to life...

Downfall: Sean Quinn, creating Cavan’s Versailles, and the wrath of the fairies.

30 Aug 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Revisited: Sean Quinn’s life is the ultimate rags to riches story – a millionaire by 30, then a billionaire, with a sprawling empire across cement...

Downfall: From ‘Baron of Ballsbridge’ to Bankruptcy, the Celtic Tiger tale of Sean Dunne and Gayle Killilea

28 Aug 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Revisited: During the Celtic Tiger, Ireland had its own ‘special’ kind of celebrity, the property developer. Sean Dunne and his then wife Gayle Ki...

Downfall: Boris Becker – from Boom! Boom! to bankrupt and banged up

28 Aug 2023

Contributed by Lukas

He was the 'Wunderkind' of the 1980s, winning Wimbledon at just 17. But German player, Boris Becker, was equally known for his lifestyle off-court wit...

Is Lucy Letby an unlikely serial killer?

26 Aug 2023

Contributed by Lukas

We know Lucy Letby murdered seven babies and tried to kill many more but why? How did this young, intelligent, woman, with loving parents, become a ma...

Catching the killer nurse: The trial of Lucy Letby

25 Aug 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Lucy Letby will spend the rest of her life in prison after being convicted of murdering seven babies. She has never admitted it, never explained why s...

The Rise of Rhasidat Adeleke: The Inside Track from Texas

24 Aug 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Rhasidat Adeleke will turn 21 later this month but her performance at the World Athletics Championships already has everybody talking about her as a g...

The Gangland Trial of the Century (Part 3) - Jonathan Dowdall, criminal connections, and his shadow over Sinn Féin

23 Aug 2023

Contributed by Lukas

This episode of the Indo Daily was released on the 18th of April 2023, before Gerry Hutch was acquitted of the murder of David Byrne at Dublin’s Reg...

The Gangland Trial of the Century (Part 2): Robin Schiller's first-hand account of Regency shooting.

22 Aug 2023

Contributed by Lukas

This episode of the Indo Daily was released on the 17th of April 2023, before Gerry Hutch was acquitted of the murder of David Byrne at Dublin’s Reg...

The Gangland Trial of the Century (Part 1): Unveiling the life and crimes of Gerry ‘The Monk’ Hutch.

21 Aug 2023

Contributed by Lukas

This episode of the Indo Daily was released on the 14th of April 2023, before Gerry Hutch was acquitted of the murder of David Byrne at Dublin’s Reg...

Unsolved: The killing of Fr Niall Molloy

20 Aug 2023

Contributed by Lukas

In 1985, when local priest Fr Niall Molloy was found dead in the master bedroom at the home of Richard and Theresa Flynn in Co. Offaly, the scandal ca...

Why Ryan Tubridy’s comeback deal with RTÉ was pulled and what happens next

18 Aug 2023

Contributed by Lukas

Ryan Tubridy's plans for a big return to the RTÉ airwaves were pulled after the former presenter released a statement that RTÉ bosses viewed as “t...