Elizabeth Jo

speaker

2,299 appearances 6 recordings 1 series first heard Jun 2025 last heard 27 Mar

Elizabeth Jo’s voice in public audio — every appearance, attributed to the second.

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Recordings per month over the last 12 months — 4 in all, peaking in Mar 2026 with 1.

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99% Invisible · Constitution Breakdown #5: Dr. Tom Frieden · 26 Dec 2025 podcast

Um so then article two goes next to bring in the Senate.

In clause two, the president can make treaties with the advice and consent of the Senate.

So here we now have the a partnership with a part of Congress.

Now, with the advice and consent of the Senate, the President can also appoint ambassadors, Supreme Court justices, and all other officers of the United States.

That's why we see televised hearings whenever the president selects new members of his cabinet.

of the secretaries must be given Senate approval.

And the same's true, for instance, of federal judges.

But there's a more complicated part of this clause, which is called the appointments clause.

Артил творесь ability to appoint officers of the United States.

But the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper in the president alone or in the courts of law or in the heads of departments.

Now, okay, I gotta say pretty dry, very boring part of Article two, right?

confusing.

Not at all obvious to most people what this means or why it's even important, but it is important.

So think of officers as the top people in the executive branch who don't make up the vast majority of federal employees.

Those folks are in in the civil service, right?

They're not appointed by the president.

So the Supreme Court has interpreted this part of Article Two to mean that there are two kinds of officers of the United States: principal officers and inferior officers.

Okay.

Now principal officers have to be appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate.

So a member of the President's cabinet has to be appointed by the President himself and then confirmed by the Senate.

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