Rory Stewart

And if they were having to do this kind of going alone, they would be much further behind again.

Now, a big part of all of this is because of the export controls, where the United States a number of years ago under Biden said it would restrict the sale of the most powerful chips to China.

So they're having to run on less powerful hardware.

as well as having a less well, they have many brilliant scientists, but it is a less well-developed kind of talent ecosystem than in the US.

So they're doing kind of a fast following approach.

However, it's very easy to catch up to the frontier of technology.

There's various techniques you can use.

So it's only a nine-month gap.

Yeah.

And is this political leaders in the US or UK?

Yeah, I think there's a couple of things.

So on the software side, I think here's one kind of regulatory approach.

And ideally, this would be agreed, at least among all the kind of democratic allied countries, is to say every company producing frontier models, like the most powerful AI systems, needs to have what's called a model spec.

That's just an English language document that says, look, this is how we want our AI to behave.

Such that, for example, if you type in, like, please design me a bioweapon, it will say,

No, sorry, I can't do that.

That's one thing you can write in.

The model spec has to agree to, had to abide by certain foundational principles.

Well, in the case of bioweapons in particular, this is just a lose-lose for everyone.

I mean, because bioweapons, it's very hard to release something that doesn't come back to you.